KOKBOROK KOKNI LAIBUMA

HISTORY OF KOKBOROK LANGUAGE

Introduction :-

    Bharat ha kotorni uttar-pub amchaini kaisa chikonkuk haste wngkha Tripura. O Tripura hasteono Kokborok kokni tongthai. Sino-Tibetan kokbosongni Tibeto-Burmese kokdekni kokbupwra wngkha Assam-Burmese, tei o Assam Burmese-ni achaikha Bodo-Garo, Dimasa, koch, Mech, Chutiya, Rabha, Hajong,Moran tei Kokborok kok akorog. O kokrog jotono kaisa tai kaisabai halok kwrwnglaijak kok. Sana thangkhe o kokrog jotono buma kaisani bwsa tei Sister language bo hwnwi sinijagwi tongo. Tabuk o kokborok kokni laibumano rwgwi naina thangkhe kokborok kok buphuruni simi sajagwi phaikha kebo soi soikhe sawi rwiwi manya, phiyaba 10000 bisi swkang sajagwi phaikha hwnwi chongjagwi tongu eba chongwi nalaikha. Jisu khristo achaimani swkang jorao Tibeto-Burman kokbosongni Bodo, Dimasa, Kokborok, Garo, Rabha, tei Mech kok saitongnai borokrog Assam hasteo thansakhe kwdwkma bisi romwi tonglaikha. Aboni ulo borog Assam hasteni kurung kurung amchaio pisarjagwi thangbaikha. Kok soi sikwrwngrogni rutukmungno rwgwi naikhe Bodoni simi Dimasa kagwi phaiwi Kacharo phaiwi tongphaikha tei ulo Dimasa ni simi kokborok kagwi Tripura hasteo phaiwi sokphaio. Laibumano rwgwi naikhe Dimasa kokbosongnino kokborok kok achaio. Kailesh chandra Singha-ni Rajmala eba Tripurani laibumao o koknono sajakha.Swijak laibumano cherwi naiwi saimano o kokborok kokno twiwi o koknobo sawi mano puila phatar hani borokse kokborok kokno rwgwi khursao eba sao hwnwi.

    Tabuk o kokborok kokno twiwi sanai, swinai eba kokborok kokno khursawi kok sanairogno tolao bathongkhe swiwi phunukjaganw -

Early Documentaion (1841-1900)

1. Sir A. Phayre(Sir Arthur Phayre): - 1841 bisio Sir A. Phayre-bai swijak An account of Arakan, Journal of Asiatic Society of Bengal bijapni Vol.x pt.II p.712 vocabulary-o no puila kokborok kokno Mrung hwnwi salango. Bono puila kokborok kokno twiwi khursanai, swinai eba Sanai tei bo kokborok kokno Tipperah hwnwibo sakha. Sana naimakhe bo aro Kokborok kokni kokthairokno kisa chabwi swiwi phunukha.
2. H.C. Sutherland (Henry Chales Sutherland): - H.C Sutherland bo bini 1860 bisio‘The Calcutta Review’ mungwi bijabo Kokborok kokno Tipperah hinwi salango.  (Calcutta_review_v35_No.70)
3. Captain T. H. Lewin (Captain Thomas Herbert Lewin): - 1869 bisio Captain T.H. Lewin bo The Hill Tracts of Chittagong and The Dwellers Therein mungwi kokbwkhalo Tipperah, Lushai tei Kukirokni kok tei borokni langmani kokrokno swiwi phunukha tei Tipperah kokni kokthairokno khursaui swiwi phunukjak chwng mano.(Page 146 tei 148)
4. Sir George Campbell: - Sir George Campbell 1874 bisio karijak bini Specimens of languages of India, including those of the aboriginial tribes of Bengal, the Central provinces, and the eastern frontier mungwi bijabo bobo Kokborok kokno Tipperah hinwino sao. Bo aro Dialect of the Tipperah, Chittagong and Cachar frontier bwkhago kokthairokno chabwi swiwi phunukha(page 187 to 199) tei Languages from Tipperah and Cachar bwkhagobo kokthairokno chabwi swiwi phunukha(page 205 to 217).
5. W.W Hunter (Sir William Wilson Hunter):- W.W. Hunter bo 1876 bisio bini swijak A Statistical Account of Bengal bijabo kokborokno Tipperah hinwino khursao. Bo bini a bijabo (a) Chittagong Hill Tracts (b) District of Chittagong (c) District of Naokhali (d) District of Tipperah tei (e) District of Hill Tipperah-ni kokno twiwi swilangkha.
6. Rev. Sydney Endle: - Rev. Sydney Endle 1884 bisio bini Outline grammar of the Kachári (Bårå) language as spoken in District Darrang, Assam : with illustrative sentences, notes, reading lessons, and a short vocabulary bijabo bo kokborokno Hill Tippera hwnwi sakha. Bo bini o bijabo Kachari, Garo tei Hill Tippera kokrokni kokthairokno sursaui swiwi phunukha.
7. Anderson, J. D. (James Drummond): - J.D. Anderson 1885 bisio A short list of words of the Hill Tippera language, with their English equivalents. Also of words of the language spoken by Lushais of the Sylhet frontier bijabo Hill Tippera, Lushai, tei Bodo kokno twiwi kokthai sursaui chabwi swilangkha. Sana naimakhe bobo aro Kokborok kokno Hill Tippera hinwino salango.

 

Language Development (1900-1979)

1. Radhamohan Thakur: - Thakur Radhamohan Debbarmabo kokborokbai 1900 bisio kokma bijap Kokborokma, 1906 bisio Troipur kothamala, 1907 bisio Troipur Bhashabihan mungwi swilangkha. Bo bini kokborokma bijabo khorang hache tei khorang kuchuk kokthairokno phunukha tei kokborokni bagwi aikhor saijakmungrokno twiwi salangkha. Bini Troipur kothamala bijabo hinkhe Kokborokni Bangla tei English kok swlaimungrokno phunukha tei aro bo kaiba kothoma bwsabo swikha- Madhob, Radha, Muhini, Soudhamini, tei Bukhuknwi mungwi. Aboni ulo rwchapmungbo swikha a bijabo. Bini Troipur Bhashabidhan bijabo hinkhe Tripura hasteni laibuma kwcham, Hasteni ari kwcham, tei aroni borokrokni Troipur Bhasha kokborokno twiwi swilangkha. Tiprasarokni Mani kok 1840 AD bisi jorarogo eba aboni swkangrogo Tipperah, Tipura, Tippera, Tipra jesa phano tongmani phiya 1900 bisio Radha Mohan Thakurni yaktwise Kokborok kokthai achaio tei chini thani kwtal mung wngwi sinijago. Phiyaba laibumano rwgwi naiwi saimano chini mani kok 1900 bisi swkang Kokborok tongmaniya.
2. Daulat Ahmed tei Mahammed Umor: - Daulat Ahmed tei Mahammed Umor 1897 bisio kokborokbai kangsa kokma bijap swikha Kokborma Ong Tripura Byakaran mungwi. Borok a bijabo ‘Khatungsano’ hwnwi kaisa koklop swikha tei kokborokni bagwi aikhor swnamwi chonglaikha, swithainobo borok Khor hwnwi aphuru mung rwlaikha. Sana thangkhe bono wngkha puila Kokborok kokma bijap swinai. Bini bisingtwino Kokborok swimungni puila mang nugui mano.
3. Sir G. A Grierson: - Sir G. A Grierson 1903 bisio kokborokno twiwi bini Linguistic Survey of India bijapni Vol. III Part.II o kokborokno Tipura hwnwi sakha tei aro Tipura bai Bara kokni kokthairokno sursaui chabwi swi phunukha(Linguistic survery of India specimens of the Bodo, Naga and Kachin groups vol.3; pt.2). Bo bini a bijabo Sir A.Phayre, H.C Sutherland, T.H Lewin, Sir W. W Hunter, Rev.S.Endle, J.D. Anderson, G. Campbell, Thakur Radhamohan Debbarma akosongni bijaprokno twiwi taisa cherwi phunukha. Aborokno karwibo bini o bijabo Bodo Group, Naga Group, Kachin Grouproknobo phunukha.
4. Tripura Janasikha Samiti and Literary Development: - Abohaikheno Sadhu Khushikrishna (Bolongraisadhu) bai 1942 bisio hinkhe kaithamchitham (33) rwchapmung kokborokbai swiwi karijakha, a bijapni mung wngkha ‘Tripura Kha-khakchangma Khumbar Boi’ (1942 AD).

    27^th December 1945 AD bisio hinkhe Kokborok kok hamkwraini bagwi kaisa motha songsajakha Tripura Janasikha Samiti mungwi. O mothani naharmung wngkha hachuk kami amchaio tongnai Tiprasarokni bagwi rwngnok achuk rina tei mani kok Kokborok kokno phuwarwi twlangna. Achukphang okwra wngkha Sudhanwa Debbarma, Acchukphang yakchu wngkha Dasarath Debbarma tei tangphang wngkha Hemanta Debbarma.

    Swikwrwng Bangshi Thakur (Amarendra Debbarma) bo 1948 AD bisi bwkhago kaisa Holi rwchapmung tei Koktang Kului mungwi bijaprok laibumao swijak mano. Bo Koktang Kului bijabo Kokborok kokma tei kokswlaimungroknobo sapulwi swiwi karikha. 1949 bisio hinkhe Prabhatchandra Rai bai ‘Chini Ha’ mungwi kaisa koktun bwlai karijakha. Aboni ulo Janasikha Samiti mothani chaitokmungbaino Puila Kokborok kokrwbai bwlai (First Kokborok Magazine) karijago 1954 bisio ‘Kwtal Kothoma’ mungwi. Komthingwi karinai wngkha swikwrwng Sudhanwa Debbarma. Sudhir Krishna Debbarma bo khoroksa swikwrwng hinwi sinijaknai borok, bobai bo a jorao kainwi bijap swijakha ‘Koktang’ (1954) tei ‘Surungma Yakhilik’ (1962) mungwi. 1959 bisio Jitendra Debbarma (Adviser Jiten Thakur) bai ‘Kokborok Surungma’ mungwi kaisa bijap karijakha. Ajit Bondhu Debbarmabaibo ‘Kok-Surungma’ (Baksa-1 tei baknwi-2) mungwi bijap 1963 AD bisio sapogwi karijakha, abono karwibo ‘Kokrobam’ (English-Bangla-Tipra) mungwi 1967 AD bisio Kokborok kokrwbam (Dictionary) karijakha. Aboni ulo Mahendra Debbarma bai 1958 AD bisio ‘Cherai Surungma’ mungwi kaisa bijap swiwi karijakha. Bobai 1967 bisio ‘Yapiri’ mungwi koktun bwlai bilingual (Kokborok tei Bangla) khwlai kharijakha, abo bo thwiyasakno karilangkha hinwi laibumao swijak mano. Alindralal Tripura bai Kokborok hamkwraini kokno wansugwi 1972 bisio ‘Kokborok Sahitya Sabha’ mungwi kaisa motha songsakha. A bisini lamta lamti 1973 bisio hinkhe bobai swijak ‘Lamani Homchang’ mungwi kaisa thungnuk swiwi karijakha. Oro Swikwrwng Shantimoy Chakrabortyni kokbo sathai kwlaio, bobai 1960 bisio ‘Bharatni Panchali’ mungwi kokborokni puila koktang bijap swiwi karijago. Abono karwi Ramayan Kochorjak(1962), Yapiri(1964), Lekhamung(1974) Hindi-Tripuri (Dictionary) 1976 bisio swiwi karijago. Ajoy Debbarmabaibo 1961 bisio ‘Koktun’ tei 1967-70 bisio ‘Chini Kok’ mungwi kainwi koktun bwlai karikha.

 

Official Recognition and Modern Development (1979- Present)

1. Official Recognition: - Kokborok kok wngkha Tiprasarokni mani kok. Bharat Hakotorni salka-salgra bwkhak khopjaknai hasterokni bisingo kaisa naithothok haste wngkha Tripura haste. O Tripura hasteni kwbangkuk Tiprasarokno o Kokborok kokbai kok salai tonglaio, aborokni bisingo tongo- Debbarma¹, Tripura², Reang³, Jamatia⁴, Kalai⁵, Rupini⁶, Noatia⁷, Murasing⁸ tei Uchoi⁹, o kaichuku (9) dophani borokrokno Kokborokbai kok salaio. Borokni mani koknono ‘Kokborok’ hinwi sinijago.1979 AD bisini 17^th January salmario Tripura haste haphangni kok hwnwi Assembly-o gosimung rwjago tei 19^th January-khe Gazette notification ongkhoro. A jorani simi Bisibrum 19^th January phaikhe ‘Kokborok Sal’ hinwi haste haphang tei Kokborok kok sanairokbai palaijagwi tongo. Kokborok sanaino karwibo kubun dophani borokrokbo khatunglaiwi o salno hohom dodomni bisingtwikhe palailaio.
2. Literature, Linguistic and Dictionary: -(Pending)

•        Binoy Debbarma: - Binoy Debbarma (1996) bisio kangsa Kokrwbam/Dictionary bijap swikha.
•        Sudhansu Bikash Saha :- Sudhangsu Bikash Saha 1988 bisio kokborokno twiwi kangsa bijap swikha, abo wngkha ORIGIN AND STRUCTURE OF KAKBARAK. Bo bini o bijabo kokborokni Sound, Sentences, case akorokno cherwi sakha.
•        Kumud kundu Chowdhury: - Kumud Kundu Chowdhury 1999 bisio kokborok kokno twiwi kangsa bijap swikha abo wngkha ‘Kokborok Bhasha u Sahitya’. Bo bini o bijabo kokborok kokno rwgwi, kokborokni kokrwbaino twiwi salangkha.
•        Naresh Chandra Dev barma: - Kokborokni bagwi samung tangnai borom gwnang Naresh Chandra Debbarmabo kokborokno twiwi kangsa bijap swikha 2013 bisio Kokborok Kokni Sinimung hwnwi.
•        Dasarath Debbarma: - 1977 bisio Dasarath Debbarmabo kaisa bijap swikha Kokborok Swrung hwnwi. 
•        Rupak Debnath: - Rupak Debnath 2014 bisio kokborok kokno twiwi kaisa bijap swikha KOKBOROK ORIGIN AND LANGUAGE DEVELOPMENT mungwi. Bo aro kokborokni kokthai, Affiliation, Dialect, Sources, Vowel, Consonant akorokno classifier khaiwi bagwi phunukha.

  Uploading.........

Conclusion:-

    Swimungni paithango sana thangkhe sana kwlaio Kokborokni laibumano chwng nainaikhe bagwi nai mano. Kaisa hinkhe phatar hani Swadin Tripurao Britishni political Agent wngwi phainairok Kokborokno twiwi salangmani tei swilangmani. Tai kaisa hinkhe chini Tripura hasteni borokrog samani tei swimani. Kok hinkhe hai o kok soi silam kwrwngrog chini mani kokno borog kokborok hinyawi keboba Tripura,Tipura, Tipra, Tipperah, Tippera, Mrung hwnwi salanglaikha, aborokno sakaobo cherwi swiwi phunukjakha. Jesaphano wngthun tabuk chini Tipra hasteni kwbangma songduk dophani mani kok eba Tiprasarolni mani kok wngkha Kokborok. Tei chwng obobo saimano kokborok kok belaino kwchamkuk kok.

Kaham hamya cherwi naidi chayarok tonggwi mano

References: Uploading....

1)

2)

3)